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Last year, the Nevada Department of Wildlife's Game Bureau Chief Russ Mason was quoted as saying "These [2006 wildland] fires are an environmental disaster for the state of Nevada. That is not an overstatement. We are losing habitat year after year, with no end in sight." Unfortunately, fires in 2007 have thus far proven Mason correct.
Year-to-date wildland fires have consumed approximately 341,000 acres in Nevada, according to the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho. Tens of thousands of acres are burning every day. In Elko County alone, 300,000 acres have burned. Since 1999 more than 6 million acres of sagebrush habitat has been lost to 8,233 wildfires in Nevada. The future of the charred habitat and its wildlife inhabitants is bleak.
Decreased intervals between fires, invasive weeds, and the uncertainty of rehabilitation efforts will affect wildlife and those recreating in Nevada for decades. Areas of critically important mule deer transition and winter range and important sage grouse nesting and brood rearing habitat have been lost. In addition, chukar and pronghorn have been affected.
Fire Intervals
"Historically, fire intervals are between 100 and 150 years in these areas, and for some sagebrush environments in lower elevations, 200 to 300 years," explained Shawn Espinosa, wildlife biologist for the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW). Biodiversity is affected when these natural cycles are disrupted. "We are now seeing fire return intervals on the order of 10 to 20 years Ð so the cheatgrass fire cycle is perpetuating itself," he said. "More frequent fires preclude sagebrush seedlings that would come back after a fire from ever establishing," explained Espinosa.
Invasive Species
One of the factors affecting fire intervals is invasive species. In particular, non-native cheatgrass seems to have evolved to obliterate Nevada's native vegetation. Cheatgrass is so named because it matures early and cheats native grasses, which emerge later, out of essential water and nutrients before the heat of summer sets in. It matures early and dries out early, creating fuel for fires. And it carries fire across areas between shrubs that would normally be bare.
Rehabilitation
"The potential for successful restoration is limited," said Espinosa. Governmental agencies need to have luck on their side in the form of good precipitation, and the seeding must occur during the first year after a fire in order to out-compete cheat grass. Even then, the odds for sagebrush re-growth are low." he said.
"We've seen sagebrush seed response in certain aspects Ð such as north facing slopes out of direct, all-day sunlight Ð and at certain elevations conducive for it to grow," he continued.
"Those are the sites we're concentrating on. South facing slopes will predominantly convert to a cheatgrass environment," Espinosa said. He noted that even when sage brush areas are reseeded, the overall germination rate is only about 20 percent.
Wildlife Affected
With the basic fabric of the habitat changing, this doesn't bode well for a lot of Nevada's wildlife species. Sage grouse, a native species whose numbers are threatened, have lost numerous strutting grounds, used for mating.
"Over the past few years their nesting and critical brood-rearing habitat has been lost as well," said Espinosa. "We've effectively lost these habitats for the next 30 to 50 years Ð conservatively."
The loss of critical deer winter range is being assessed, and the outlook is poor there as well. Areas burned were host to a number of species which will all suffer from the loss of habitat, including sage-dependent species like sage thrasher, vesper sparrow, and pygmy rabbit, as well as Lahontan cutthroat trout and a whole host of upland game species.
After last summer's fires in Elko, NDOW put satellite tracking collars on 10 mule deer to track their movements. The information will help wildlife biologists learn how burned areas affect the deer's journeys from summer to winter ranges. The data will also provide information to guide rehabilitation efforts to increase survival rates.
Year-to-date wildland fires have consumed approximately 341,000 acres in Nevada, according to the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho. Tens of thousands of acres are burning every day. In Elko County alone, 300,000 acres have burned. Since 1999 more than 6 million acres of sagebrush habitat has been lost to 8,233 wildfires in Nevada. The future of the charred habitat and its wildlife inhabitants is bleak.
Decreased intervals between fires, invasive weeds, and the uncertainty of rehabilitation efforts will affect wildlife and those recreating in Nevada for decades. Areas of critically important mule deer transition and winter range and important sage grouse nesting and brood rearing habitat have been lost. In addition, chukar and pronghorn have been affected.
Fire Intervals
"Historically, fire intervals are between 100 and 150 years in these areas, and for some sagebrush environments in lower elevations, 200 to 300 years," explained Shawn Espinosa, wildlife biologist for the Nevada Department of Wildlife (NDOW). Biodiversity is affected when these natural cycles are disrupted. "We are now seeing fire return intervals on the order of 10 to 20 years Ð so the cheatgrass fire cycle is perpetuating itself," he said. "More frequent fires preclude sagebrush seedlings that would come back after a fire from ever establishing," explained Espinosa.
Invasive Species
One of the factors affecting fire intervals is invasive species. In particular, non-native cheatgrass seems to have evolved to obliterate Nevada's native vegetation. Cheatgrass is so named because it matures early and cheats native grasses, which emerge later, out of essential water and nutrients before the heat of summer sets in. It matures early and dries out early, creating fuel for fires. And it carries fire across areas between shrubs that would normally be bare.
Rehabilitation
"The potential for successful restoration is limited," said Espinosa. Governmental agencies need to have luck on their side in the form of good precipitation, and the seeding must occur during the first year after a fire in order to out-compete cheat grass. Even then, the odds for sagebrush re-growth are low." he said.
"We've seen sagebrush seed response in certain aspects Ð such as north facing slopes out of direct, all-day sunlight Ð and at certain elevations conducive for it to grow," he continued.
"Those are the sites we're concentrating on. South facing slopes will predominantly convert to a cheatgrass environment," Espinosa said. He noted that even when sage brush areas are reseeded, the overall germination rate is only about 20 percent.
Wildlife Affected
With the basic fabric of the habitat changing, this doesn't bode well for a lot of Nevada's wildlife species. Sage grouse, a native species whose numbers are threatened, have lost numerous strutting grounds, used for mating.
"Over the past few years their nesting and critical brood-rearing habitat has been lost as well," said Espinosa. "We've effectively lost these habitats for the next 30 to 50 years Ð conservatively."
The loss of critical deer winter range is being assessed, and the outlook is poor there as well. Areas burned were host to a number of species which will all suffer from the loss of habitat, including sage-dependent species like sage thrasher, vesper sparrow, and pygmy rabbit, as well as Lahontan cutthroat trout and a whole host of upland game species.
After last summer's fires in Elko, NDOW put satellite tracking collars on 10 mule deer to track their movements. The information will help wildlife biologists learn how burned areas affect the deer's journeys from summer to winter ranges. The data will also provide information to guide rehabilitation efforts to increase survival rates.
